Distinct group, distinct traits? A comparison of risk factors across cybercrime offenders, traditional offenders and non-offenders

developmental criminology individual offenders general cybercrime quantitative methods

Journal article

Luuk M. J. Bekkers (Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law Enforcement (NSCR) & Centre of Expertise Cyber Security at The Hague University of Applied Sciences) , Asier Moneva (Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law Enforcement (NSCR) & Centre of Expertise Cyber Security at The Hague University of Applied Sciences) , E. Rutger Leukfeldt (Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law Enforcement (NSCR) & Centre of Expertise Cyber Security at The Hague University of Applied Sciences & Institute of Security and Global Affairs and Institute of Criminal Law and Criminology at Leiden University)
2025-10-06

Abstract

Individual differences associated with cybercrime offending remain under-researched. To address gaps in the literature and inform intervention, the current study compares cybercrime offenders, traditional offenders, and non-offenders in terms of risk factors for offending and online situational influences. We construct a survey using previously validated measurements, completed by 1,240 Dutch panel members aged 16 to 25. Two multinomial logistic regression models are estimated separately for cyber-dependent offenders and financial cybercrime offenders. Analysis reveals that cybercrime offenders overlap but also differ from traditional offenders. Cyber-dependent offenders seem to be a particular distinct offender group, while financial cybercrime offenders more closely resemble traditional offenders. Factors related to school, work, and leisure, but also personality, manifest differently for cybercrime: what was typically considered protective against traditional offending, such as higher levels of self-control, may actually provide opportunities to engage in cybercrime. Further longitudinal and experimental research is needed to support these conclusions.

Links

Reuse

Text and figures are licensed under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY 4.0. The figures that have been reused from other sources don't fall under this license and can be recognized by a note in their caption: "Figure from ...".